This book explores the crucial role that rail systems play in the mitigation of congestion and pollution caused by road traffic. The book is divided into two parts: the first covering fixed power supply systems, and the second concerning the systems for railway rolling stock. In particular, after an historical introduction to the framework of technological solutions in current use, the authors investiate electrification systems for the power supply of rail vehicles, trams, and subways. The book explores the direct current systems used throughout the world for urban and suburban transport, which are also used in various countries for regional transport. The authors also provide a study of alternating current systems, whether for power supply frequency or for special railway frequency, that are used around the world for the electrification of railway lines, long-distance lines, and high-speed lines.