This book provides an introduction to the field of biomarkers, how they have been and can be used, and how different approaches can be used to identify, characterize, and monitor biomarkers. In addition to information about various “omic” technologies, the book covers pathophysiology and functional aspects of all vital organs in a human body and biomarkers for different organs and disease states. The authors also provide information about principles and applications of novel and cutting edge macroscale, microscale, and nanoscale technologies for quantitating biomarkers. Since the first edition published, significant developments have occurred in biomarker science with respect to next generation technologies, clinical trial design applications, use in environmental exposure monitoring, and post-market drug surveillance. The new edition, therefore, adds more chapters (expanding from 24 to 40) divided in to 4 sections: 1) Fundamental concepts to understand biomarker science, 2) Tools for biomarker discovery, 3) Biomarkers in health and disease, and 4) Technology for biomarker quantitation.